|
 INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Joy Wolf
CLASS TIME: Th:
2:00 – 5:00pm
TELEPHONE 595-3221
EMAIL: wolf@uwp.edu
OFFICE:
Molinaro 247
OFFICE HRS: T: 2-3p, W: 5-6p, or by appt
Landscape ecology is the study
of the relationship between patterns and processes; for instance, how spatial
patterns affect populations, communities, and ecosystem processes. We will
build upon the basics of biogeography and ecology to examine ways in which
spatial heterogeneity can be perceived and interpreted. An important
part of a species environment is the human modification of a landscape. How do
species respond to such modifications? What do
we know from research in landscape ecology
to manage landscapes? Why do we want to manage a landscape?
Photos from
previous classes!
Required Text:
Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice: Pattern and Process. Turner, M. G., R.
H. Gardner, and R. V. O’Neill. Springer-Verlag, New York. 401 p.
Required Lab Manual: Learning
Landscape Ecology: A Practical Guide to Concepts and Techniques. S. E. Gergel and M. G. Turner, eds. Springer Verlag. *most of the lab assignments will be given as
homework.
Grading:
Based on two exams (40 %), 8 out of 9 lab exercises (25 %), research lead
discussion (15 %), research discussion participation (15 %), and class
participation / attendance (5 %).
Prerequisite:
GEOG 100, GEOG 326, or a
course that focuses on ecology or biology; OR instructor’s consent.
The course is based on
lectures, labs, article discussions and field trips. Here are some
photographs of a past field trip. Hawthorn Hollow
- Spring 2004
Lecture/Discussion. Each student will
develop a lecture/discussion/critical review from pertinent peer-reviewed
articles that focuses on key concepts and current issues in
landscape ecology. Students will select a topic, research the literature (two
approved articles on the issue) and lead the class in a discussion. Your discussion will include an introduction (what you are going to talk about
and why do we care about the topic), and its relationship to landscape
ecology. You should discuss methods used (from the literature), results,
the importance of spatial pattern and dynamics, and implications for the
future. Possible topics are listed below.
ALL
students will read the articles so that everyone can participate in the
discussion. As lead discussants, you have the option of working in
groups of two students. This may not be a viable option if your work schedule
does not permit it or you simply do not play well with others.
Topics need to be approved by February 21st. No two individuals/groups can pick the same topic. First
requested, first approved.
Helpful Links
• International
Association of Landscape Ecologists
• Some of the journals that contribute to landscape
ecology issues are
Landscape
Ecology,
Conservation Biology,
Ecology,
and
Journal of Biogeography to name a few.
 Some possible landscape ecology topics/issues:
Quantifying the effects of habitat fragmentation or loss (in general or
specific plant or animal).
Are National Parks or USFS Lands of sufficient size to sustain biotic
populations and natural processes over the long term? Or Conservation Reserve
Design (general concepts, case studies)
Related to above –topics could be chosen for a particular animal species
with large home ranges (such as bison, wolf, cougar, etc.); or process, such as
fire, and size of natural fires.
Spatial pattern and landscape disturbances– fires, hurricanes,
windstorms. Resulting vegetation patterns, cover types, different stages of
recovery, homogeneous vs. heterogeneous landscapes, etc.
Urban planning to retain open space (“greenways”),
land left intentionally as fields and forests, while other areas are developed
for homes and businesses.
Quantifying and mediating the effects of exotic plant species invasion in
an area.
Metapopulation models: what are they and how do they work – use a
specific plant or animal species as an example.
 Dispersal
and migration of plants and animals; how they move over the landscape; use of
corridors, landscape connectivity.
Spatial pattern (heterogeneous vs. homogeneous landscapes) and dispersal
ability of predator and prey.
Use of landscape ecology in aquatic ecology – study of riffle, cobble, and
sandy substrates within stream systems, patch distribution of fish.
Effects of alternative harvesting regimes for landscape patterns and
processes; or the effect on a specific animal or plant species.
Quantifying land-use change, both the composition and resulting pattern
(changes in vegetation, species, disturbance regimes, water flow, settlement
patterns, corridors.) –case studies include Everglades, Mississippi River,
Front Range of Colorado.
Lecture Schedule and Assigned Readings
|
Week |
Topics |
Text/Lab Chapter |
|
1
Jan 24 |
Introduction to Landscape Ecology
Landscape Principles |
Ch 1 Text |
|
Jan 31 |
The Concept of Scale
Patch Dynamics
Lab 1 Assigned: Scale and Hierarchy Theory |
Ch 2 Text
Ch 1 Lab |
|
3
2/7 |
Introduction to Models
Lab 2 Assigned: Intro to GIS |
Ch 3
Text
Ch 3 Lab |
|
4
2/14 |
Causes of Landscape Pattern
Patch Dynamics, Edges and Ecotones,
Heterogeneity
Lab 3 Assigned:
Simulating Changes in Landscape Pattern
LAB 3 Assigned. Spatial Lab |
Ch 4 Text
Ch 5 Lab |
|
5
2/21 |
Lab 4 Assigned:
Creating Landscape Pattern
Quantifying Landscape Pattern
Mosaics/Networks |
Ch 6 Lab
Ch 5 Text
|
|
6
2/28 |
Neutral Landscape Models
Student Discussion of Articles |
Ch 6 Text |
|
7
3/6 |
Lab
4 Presentations
Student Discussion of Articles |
|
|
8
3/13 |
Midterm |
|
|
9
3/20 |
Spring Break |
|
|
10
3/27 |
Landscape Disturbance Dynamics
Student Discussion of Articles
Lab 5 Assigned:
Interpreting Landscape Patterns from Organism
Perspectives |
Ch 7 Text
Ch 13 Lab |
|
11
4/3 |
Organisms and Landscape Pattern
Student Discussion of Articles
Lab 6 Assigned:
Landscape Context |
Ch 8 Text
Ch 14 Lab |
|
12
4/10 |
Field:
Patch Dynamics, Disturbance, Heterogeneity
IALE Conference meeting week
Lab 7 Assigned:
Individual-Based Modeling: Bachman’s Sparrow |
Ch 16 Lab |
|
13
4/17 |
Guest Speaker
Student Discussion of Articles
|
|
|
14
4/24 |
Ecosystem Processes in the Landscape
Student Discussion of Articles
Lab 8 Assigned:
Feedbacks in Organisms and Ecosystem Processes |
Ch 9 Text
Ch 18 Lab |
|
15
5/1 |
Applied Landscape Ecology
Student Discussion of Articles
Field Trip?
Lab 9 Assigned:
Reserve Design |
Ch 10 Text
Ch 19
Lab |
|
5/8
|
Final Exam |
|
Here is a short list of articles focusing on
landscape ecology. There are more current ones that you can find in the
library. USE INTERLIBRARY LOAN!
General Landscape Ecology
Allen, C.D. and Breshears, D.D. 1998.
Drought-induced shift of a forest-woodland ecotone: rapid landscape response to
climatic variation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA
95:14839-14842.
Beier, P. and Noss, R.F. 1998. Do habitat
corridors provide connectivity. Conservation Biology 12:1241-252.
Cooks, K.R. and Soulé, M.E. 1999. Mesopredator
release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system. Nature
400:563-566.
Forman, R.T.T. 2000. Estimate of area affected
ecologically by the road system in the United States. Conservation Biology
14:31-35.
Forman, R.T.T. and Godron, M. 1981. Patches and
structural components for a landscape ecology. BioScience 31:733-740.
Haines-Young, R. and Chopping, M. 1996.
Quantifying landscape structure: a review of landscape indices and their
application to forest landscape. Progress in Physical Geography
20:418-445.
Harding, J.S., Benfield, E.F., Bolstad, P.V.,
Helfman, G.S., and Jones III, E.B.D. 1998. Stream biodiversity: the ghost of
land use past. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,USA
95:14843-14847.
Knight, D.H. 1987. Parasites, Lightning, and the
vegetation mosaic in wilderness landscapes. 59-83. In: Turner, M. (Ed.).
Landscape Heterogeneity and Disturbance. Springer- Verlag. N.Y.
Kupfer, J. A. 1995. Landscape ecology and
biogeography. Progress in Physical Geography 19:18-34.
Meentemeyer, V. and Box, E.O. 1987. Scale effects
in landscape studies. Pp. 15-34. In: Turner, M. (Ed.). Landscape
Heterogeneity and Disturbance. Springer-Verlag. N.Y.
Mladenoff, D.J. and Sickley, T.A. 1998. Assessing
potential gray wolf restoration in the northeastern United States: A spatial
prediction of favorable habitat and potential population levels. Journal
of Wildlife Management 62:1-10.
Pickett, S.T.A. and Cadenasso, M.L. 1995.
Landscape Ecology: spatial heterogeneity in ecological systems. Science
269:331-334.
Reed, R. A., Johnson-Barnard, J, and Baker, W.L.
1996. Contribution of roads to forest fragmentation in the Rocky Mountains.
Conservation Biology 10:1098-1106.
Reiners, W.A. and Driese, K.L. 2001. The
propagation of ecological influences through heterogeneous environmental
space. BioScience 51:939-950.
Robinson, S.K., Thompson III, F.R., Donovan, T.M.,
Whitehead, D.R., and Faaborg, J. 1995. Regional forest fragmentation and
nesting success of migratory birds.Science 267:1987-1990.
Rosenberg, D.K., Noon, B.R., and Meslow, E.C.
1997. Biological corridors: form, function, and efficacy. BioScience
47:677-687.
Simberloff, D., Farr, J.A., Cox, J., and Mehlman,
D.W. 1992. Movement corridors: Conservation bargains or poor investments?
Conservation Biology 6:493-504.
Swanson, F.J., Kratz, T.K., Caine, N., and
Woodmansee, R.G. 1988. Landform effects on ecosystem patterns and processes.
BioScience 38:92-98.
Urban, D. L., O’Neill, R.V., and Shugart, H.H. Jr.
1987. Landscape Ecology. BioScience 37:119-127.
Wiens, J.A. 1989. Spatial Scaling in Ecology.
Functional Ecology 3:385-397.
Specific to Edge
Burger, L.D., L.W. Burger, Jr., and J. Faaborg.
1994. Effects of prairie fragmentation on predation on artificial nests. J.
Wildl. Manage. 58(2):249-253.
Burke, D.M., and E. Nol. 1998. Edge and fragment
size effects on the vegetation of deciduous forests in Ontario, Canada. Nat.
Areas J. 18:45-53.
Chen, J., J.F. Franklin, and T.A. Spies. 1992.
Vegetation responses to edge environments in old growth Douglas fir forests.
Ecol. Applic. 2(4):387-396.
Essen, P., and K. Renhorn. 1998. Edge effects on
an epiphyte lichen in fragmented forests. Conser. Biol. 12(6):1307-1317.
Fleming, K.K., and W.M. Giuliano. 1998. Effect of
border-edge cuts on birds at woodlot edges in southwestern Pennsylvania. J.
Wildl. Manage. 62(4):1430-1437.
Kenkel, N.C., J.A. Hoskins, and W.D. Hoskins.
1989. Edge effects in the use of area polygons to study competition. Ecology
70(1):272-274.
Laurance, W.F. 1991. Edge effects in tropical
forest fragments: application of a model for the design of nature reserves.
Biolog. Conser. 57:205-219.
Laurance, W.F., E. Yensen. 1991. Predicting the
impacts of edge effects in fragmented habitats. Biol. Conser. 55:77-92.
Mills, L.S. 1995. Edge effects and isolation:
Red-backed voles on forest remnants. Conser. Biol. 9(2):395-403.
Niemuth, N.D., and M.S. Boyce. 1997. Edge related
nest losses in Wisconsin pine barrens. J. Wildl. Manage. 61(4):1234-1239.
Rudnicky T.C., and M.L. Hunter, Jr. 1993. Avian
nest predation in clearcuts, forests, and edges in a forest-dominated
landscape. J. Wildl. Manage. 57(2):358-364.
Santos, T., and J.L. Telleria. 1992. Edge effects
on nest predation in Mediterranean fragmented forests. Biol. Cons. 60:1-5.
Start, A.N. 1991. How can edge effects be
minimized? Pgs. 417-418 In: D.A. Saunders, R.J. Hobbs, and P.R. Ehrlich (eds.).
Nature Conservation 2: The role of corridors. Surrey Beatty and Sons,
Australia.
Wales, B.A. 1972.Vegetation analysis of north and
south edges in a mature oak-hickory forest. Eco. Mon. 42(4):451-471.
Specific to Ecotone
Ecotone: A narrow and fairly sharply defined
transition zone between two or more different communities. Edge communities are
typically species-rich. Ecotones arise naturally, e.g. at land-water
interfaces, but elsewhere may reflect human intervention (e.g. the agricultural
clearance of formerly forested area).
Baker, William L., and Weisberg, Peter J. 1997.
Using GIS to model tree population parameters in the Rocky Mountain National
Park forest-tundra ecotone. Journal of Biogeography. 24: 513-526.
Baltz, Donald M., Rakocinski, Chet and Fleeger,
John W. 1993. Microhabitat use by marsh-edge fishes in a Louisiana estuary.
Environmental Biology of Fishes. 36(2): 109-126.
Carter, Virginia, Gammon, Patricia, T. and
Garrett, Mary-Keith. 1994. Ecotone dynamics and boundary determination in the
Great Dismal Swamp. Ecological Applications. 4(1): 189-203.
Churkina, Galina and Svirezhev, Yuri. 1995.
Dynamics and forms of ecotone of under the impact of climatic change:
mathematical approach. Journal of Biogeography. 22: 565-569.
Hansen, Andrew J. and di Castri, Francesco. Eds.
1992. Landscape Boundaries: consequences for biotic diversity and ecological
flows. Springer-Verlag: New York. 452 pgs.
Holland, M. M., Risser, P.G., and Nainman, R.J.
1991. Ecotones: the role of landscape boundaries in the management and
restoration of changing environments. Routledge, Chapman & Hall. NY. 142 pg.
Kieft, Thomas L., White, Carleton S., Loftin,
Samuel R., Aguilar, Richard, Craig, John A., and Skaar, David A. 1998.
Temporal dynamics in soil carbon and nitrogen resources at a grassland-shrubland
ecotone. Ecology. 79(2): 671-683.
Kolasa, J. and Zalewski, M. 1992. Notes on ecotone
attributes and functions. Hydrobiologia. 303(1-3): 1-7.
Kupfer, J. A. and Cairns, D. M. 1996. The
suitability of montane ecotones as indicators of global climatic change.
Progress in Physical Geography. 20(3): 253-272.
Malanson, George P. 1997. Effects of feedbacks and
seed rain on ecotone patterns. Landscape Ecology. 12(1): 27-38.
Mauchamp, A., Montaña, C., Lepart, J., Rambal, S.
1993. Ecotone dependent recruitment of a desert shrub, Flourensia ceruna, in
vegetation stripes. Oikos. 68: 107-116.
Pirintsos, S. A., Diamantopolous, J., and Stamou,
G. P. 1993. Analysis of the vertical distribution of epiphytic lichens on
Pinus nigra (Mount Olympos, Greece) along an altitudinal gradient. Vegetatio.
109(1): 63-70.
Pyook, P. 1992. Settlement outskirts: may they be
considered as ecotones? Ecology. 11(3): 273-286.
Samways, M. J. and Stewart, D. A. B. 1997. An
aquatic ecotone and its significance in conservation. Biodiversity and
Conservation. 6(19): 1429-1444.
Smith, T.B., Wayne, R..K., Girman, D.J., and
Bruford, M.W. 1997. A role for ecotones in generating rainforest
biodiversity. Science. 276(5320): 1855-1857.
Specific to corridors
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Natural
Resources. 1994. The Northern Rockies Ecosystem Protection Act of 1993:
Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Parks, Forest and Public Lands.
103rd Cong., 2nd sess., 12 April. 253pp.
U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park
Service. 1989. Closing the gaps: the potential for using abandoned railroad
corridors to help complete the north country national scenic trail, by Bonnie
Nevel. Open-file report, Rails-to-Trails Conservancy, Washington, D.C. 54pp.
Adams, L.W. and L.E. Dove. 1989. Wildlife reserves
and corridors in the urban environment: a guide to ecological landscape
planning and resource conservation. National Institute for Urban Wildlife,
Columbia, Maryland. 91pp.
Adams, L.W. and A.D. Geis. 1983. Effects of roads
on small mammals. Journal of Applied Ecology 20:403-415.
Bishop, K.R. 1989. Designing urban corridors.
Planning Advisory Service, Report no. 418, Washington, D.C. 38pp.
Gustafson, E. J. and R. H. Gardner. 1996. The
effect of landscape heterogeneity on the probability of patch colonization.
Ecology 77(1):94-107.
Laitin, J. 1987.Corridors for wildlife. American
Forests 93:46-49.
McEuen, A. 1993. The wildlife corridor
controversy: a review. Endangered Species Update, Sept-Oct 10(11-12):1-7.
Miller, J.R., L.A. Joyce, R.L. Knight and R.M.
King. 1996. Forest roads and landscape structure in the southern Rocky
Mountains. Landscape Ecology 11(2):115-127.
Payne, N.F. and F.C. Bryant. 1994. Corridors and
riparian areas. Pages 191-222 in Techniques for wildlife habitat management of
uplands. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Riffell, S.K. and K.J. Gutzwiller. 1996.
Plant-species richness in corridor intersections: is intersection shape
influential? Landscape Ecology 11(3):157-168.
Smith, N.J.H. 1982. Rainforest corridors: the
transamazon colonization scheme. Univ of CA Press, Berkeley. 248pp.
Soulé, M.E. 1991. Land use planning and wildlife
maintenance: guidelines for conserving wildlife in an urban landscape. Journal
of the American Planning Association 57(3):313-323.
Van Dorp, D., P. Schippers and J.M. van
Groenendael. 1997. Migration rates of grassland species along corridors in
fragmented landscapes assessed with a cellular automation model. Landscape
Ecology 12(1):39-50.
Young, K.R. and B. Leon. 1997. Corridors of life
in the sand. Americas(English Edition) 49(2):6-13.
Specific for Anthropogenic Disturbance
Feinsinger, P., W.H. Busby, K.G. Murray, J.H.
Beach, W.Z. Pounds, & Y.B. Linhart. 1988. Mixed support for spatial
heterogeneity in species interactions: Hummingbirds in a tropical disturbance
mosaic. American Naturalist 131(1): 33-57.
Forbes, B.C. 1996. Plant communities of
archaeological sites, abandoned dwellings, and trampled tundra in the Eastern
Canadian Arictic: A multivariate analysis. Arctic 49(2): 141-154.
Gilbert, O.L. 1989. Chapter Eight – Railways. In:
Gilbert, O.L. (author). The Ecology of Urban Habitats. Chapman and Hall, New
York, 1989. 369 pp.
Gill, T.E. 1996. Eolian sediments generated by
anthropogenic disturbance of playas: human impacts on the geomorphic system and
geomorphic impacts on the human system. Geomorphology 17(1-3): 207-228.
Luken, James O., A.C. Hinton, & D.G. Baker. 1992.
Response of woody plant communities in power-line corridors to frequent
anthropogenic disturbance. Ecological Applications 2(4): 356-362.
Mensing, D.M., S.M. Galatowitsch, & J.R. Tester.
1998. Anthropogenic effects on the biodiversity of riparian wetlands of a
northern temperate landscape. Journal of Environmental Management 53(4):
349-377.
Miller, J.N., R.P. Brooks, & M.J. Croonquist.
1997. Effects of landscape patterns on biotic communities. Landscape Ecology
12(3): 137-153.
Murphy, S.M. & J.A. Curatolo. 1987. Activity
budgets and movement rates of caribou encountering pipelines, roads, and
traffic in northern Alaska. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65(10): 2483-2490.
Pearson, Scott M., Alan B. Smith, & Monica G.
Turner. 1998. Forest patch size, land use, and mesic forest herbs in the French
broad River basin, North Carolina. Castanea 63(3): 382-395.
Raimondi, Peter T., & Daniel C. Reed. 1996.
Determining the spatial extent of ecological impacts caused by local
anthropogenic disturbances in coastal marine habitats. In: Schmitt, Russell J.
& Craig W. Osenberg (Eds.). Detecting ecological impacts: concepts and
applications in coastal habitats. Academic Press, New York. 401pp.
Samways, M.J. 1998. Insect Population Changes and
Conservation in the Disturbed Landscapes of Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems. In:
P.W. Rundel, G. Montenegro, F.M. Jaksic, (eds.).Landscape Disturbance and
Biodiversity in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems. Springer, New York. 447 pp.
Solon, J. 1995. Anthropogenic Disturbance and
vegetation diversity in agricultural landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning
31(1-3): 171-180.
Stapanian, Martin A., D. Cassell, & Steven P.
Cline. 1997. Regional patterns of local diversity of trees: Associations with
anthropogenic disturbance. Forest Ecology and Management 93(1-2): 33-44.
Stapanian, M.A., S.D. Sundberg, G.A. Baumgardner,
& A. Liston. Alien plant species composition and associations with
anthropogenic disturbance in North American forests. Plant Ecology 139(1):
49-62.
Ward, J.V. 1998. Riverine landscapes: biodiversity patterns, disturbance
regimes, and aquatic conservation. Biological Conservation 83(3): 269-278.
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