UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-PARKSIDE  

African American Music
African American Music
African American Music

MUS 326/ETHN 326  --- 3 credits -- INTERIM SESSION 2000
MONDAYS, TUESDAYS, WEDNESDAYS & THURSDAYS  6:00-8:30 PM
COMMUNICATION ARTS BLDG.  ROOM D-118

Dr. James Benjamin Kinchen, Jr., Professor of Music


African American Music: introduction & objectives...
African American Music: introduction & objectives...

African American Music: introduction & objectives...

Welcome to our African American Music web page.  Please email me if you have questions, comments, or need further information.  Be sure to include your email address so that I can respond!

CATALOG DESCRIPTION: 
Survey and study of development and evolution of African American music 17th century to present with attention given historical, sociological, political, and humanistic contexts. 

THIS COURSE:  African descendants have contributed richly to American music.  Black people have given this country and the world a sizeable, significant, and distinct body of music.  Moreover, it is virtually impossible to listen to American popular music, even the music that we encounter on a daily basis, without hearing African influence.  

Divorced from frameworks of history, social condition, struggles for freedom and equality, cultural value system, etc., African American music has provided entertainment almost from the arrival of the first slaves in 1619.  Considered within these necessary contexts, however, the study of African American music provides both a richer, deeper understanding of this great cultural heritage and a fuller, more intelligent appreciation of the human source of this music.

This human perspective is essential  to this course.  Certainly, music can be studied on an analytical level.  We can seek to better understand how the various elements or ingredients of music, such as rhythm, pitch, timbre, form, harmony, etc. are being used.  This kind of study is helpful.  And music can be experienced on an aesthetic level.  Attentive listening that facilitates enjoyment and fosters appreciation for music as a manifestation of beauty is also an important part of a music study.  But our course goes beyond analysis and aesthetics to take a more anthropological approach.  Because music as an art product does not simply exist as "unattached," objective sound, and because any music is a product of the people who create it and of their lives and times, it is absolutely necessary for us to consider human factors in our study.  We must know something about African Americans and the African American experience if we want to fully understand and appreciate African American music!

COURSE OBJECTIVES:  
1.   To become acquainted with musical creations and contributions of African Americans.
2.   To study the evolution of African American music.
3.   To understand how that evolution represents a synthesis of African and European musical and cultural values.
5.   To learn how this music grew out of the lives and social conditions of those who made it.
4.   To gain an objective understanding of the use of musical materials (rhythm, pitch, timbre, form, etc.) in African American music.
6.   To experience the aesthetic dimensions of this music.
7.   To understand more fully through this study the African American experience.

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African American Music: course learning activities...
African American Music: course learning activities...
African American Music: course learning activities...

MUSIC STUDIED IN THIS COURSE:

  •      Pre-Twentieth Century Folk Music (moans, hollers, chants, work songs, play songs, and the so-called spiritual; this African American folk music is the basis for all African American music)
  •      Ragtime
  •      Blues
  •      Jazz
  •      Gospel
  •      "Serious", "classical", or "art" music by African American composers; this includes arrangements and settings of Black folk music
  •      Rhythm & Blues and Soul 
  •      Rap and Hip-Hop

LEARNING ACTIVITIES:

POSSIBLE IN-CLASS ACTIVITIES:

  •      "guided" listening -- listening together as a class to recorded music, usually accompanied by instructor commentary and class discussion, with the goal of making possible a deeper understanding of various types of African American music through shared experience 
  •      video tape viewing -- like "guided" listening, the opportunity for the class to share the viewing of a video or a video excerpt along with discussion, commentary, etc. 
  •      lecture -- professor's presentation of certain topics, explanation of important concepts, etc., accompanied by student note-taking
  •      demonstration -- various techniques and concepts demonstrated in class, usually by professor, to help students more clearly understand various aspects of African American music and related performance practices
  •      sharing of handouts -- a number of handouts shared with the class which illustrate, explain, or give additional information about class topics, readings, or certain types of music or musical styles, or which provide ideas and perspectives intended to provoke thought and class discussion
  •      class discussion -- frequently invited in response to a number of activities; sometimes prompted by questions from professor or even from class members; all students are expected to take part in discussion!
  •      small group discussion -- occasionally, the class may be divided into two or more small groups to facilitate discussion and the sharing of ideas
  •      quizzes -- to encourage and evaluate memorization of important facts, lists, definitions, etc.
  •      examinations -- exercises intended to evaluate higher level learning and, at the same time, help solidify students' mastery of course material; almost all written exams are essay-type; listening skills are also tested from time-to-time; other types of exams that may be given include "open book," take-home, group collaboration, and oral presentation
  •      class presentations -- there are usually some opportunities for individual or group presentations

POSSIBLE OUT-OF-CLASS ACTIVITIES:

  •      independent listening -- listening done on an individual basis outside of class
  •      assigned readings -- readings from the two class texts; detailed study guides will be provided for all reading assignments, both to help students focus on the most important material and to provide a basis for evaluating how well each assignment has been read
  •     maintaining the "Adventures in African American Music Journal" -- keeping this journal documenting six performances (recorded or live) listened to during the course is an important and rewarding activity in this course

EVALUATION:

Five "Ps" are essential for success in this course --

           1.     PRESENCE.  The shared listening experience, the discussion, the lecture, etc. are absolutely essential!  The condensed nature of the interim session makes attendance all the more necessary.  Excessive absences are penalized.

           2.     PUNCTUALITY.     Class activities begin promptly at six o'clock.  Persons who are late will miss important class activities.

           3.     PARTICIPATION.     Willing participation in class discussion and other listening/learning activities is integral to this experience.

            4.     PRODUCTIVITY.     It is so important to complete and pass in all assignments, to do in-class and outside work as assigned, to do all assigned readings, and to do all required listening.

            5.     POSITIVITY.     Members of the class will hear a lot of music that is new to them.  Keeping an open and inquiring mind will help make this course an exciting learning experience for each student.

THE CLASS BEGINS WITH THE EXPECTATION THAT ALL STUDENTS WILL DO WORK DESERVING OF THE GRADE OF "A"!!

LATE WORK  -- WORK THAT IS TO BE PASSED IN MUST BE TURNED IN WHEN IT IT DUE!  LIFE BEING AS IT IS, HOWEVER, THERE MAY ARISE A  CIRCUMSTANCE THAT PREVENTS SOMEONE MEETING A GIVEN DUE-DATE.  I WILL WORK WITH EACH STUDENT ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS WHEN SUCH A SITUATION ARISES, BUT IT IS IMPORTANT THAT A STUDENT WHO WILL NEED TO MISS A DUE-DATE DISCUSSES HIS/HER CASE WITH ME AS SOON AS POSSIBLE AND THAT WE WORK OUT A NEW DUE-DATE FOR THE LATE WORK.  IN NO INSTANCE CAN AN ASSIGNMENT BE SUBMITTED LATE WITHOUT PRIOR AGREEMENT!

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African American Music: class texts...
African American Music: class texts...
African American Music: class texts...

The two course textbooks are --

Before the Mayflower -- A History of Black America, sixth revised edition, Lerone Bennett, Jr., Penguin Books, 1988 ("Landmarks and Milestones" section updated, 1993).

The best concise African American history book I know, Before the Mayflower first appeared in the early '60s, and has been regularly updated and revised.  Bennett, who understands that history is really story, and who has a real talent for storytelling, is Senior Editor of Ebony Magazine.

The Music of Black Americans -- A History, third edition, Eileen Southern, W.W. Norton, 1997.

The most extensively documented, comprehensive, and respected book of its kind, The Music of Black Americans is the "Bible" insofar as African American music is concerned.  Framed chronologically, this book deals with the development of African American music in great detail, yet remains very readable for musician and non-musician alike.

(text books can be purchased from the campus bookstore; email address: 0164mgr@fheg.follett.com)

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African American Music: syllabus...
African American Music: syllabus...
African American Music: syllabus...

UNIT ONE     UNIT TWO    UNIT THREE    UNIT FOUR

 

UNIT ONE  (5/15 - 5/17)  AFRICAN ORIGINS, THE MIDDLE PASSAGE, THE BEGINNINGS OF CHATTEL SLAVERY
M      5/15     PRELUDE: COURSE INTRODUCTION & ORIENTATION, LISTENING EXPERIENCES, THE  ROOTS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN MUSIC.

T       5/16     PRELUDE CONTINUED: AFRICAN CIVILIZATION AND INFLUENCE FROM ANTIQUITY; CULTURAL AND MUSICAL TRADITIONS OF WEST AFRICA; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING WEST AFRICAN AND EUROPEAN INFLUENCES ON AFRICAN AMERICAN MUSIC.
         
Readings Due -- BENNETT: Chapters 1,2 & 3

W     5/17     PRELUDE CONCLUDED: DEVELOPMENT OF THE SLAVE TRADE, THE MIDDLE PASSAGE; AFRICANS AND
AFRICANISMS TRANSPORTED TO THE AMERICAS
 

UNIT TWO  (5/18 - 5/24) SLAVERY 
R       5/18     A  SONG IN A STRANGE LAND (1619-1800):  SLAVERY EMERGES IN THE COLONIES; COLONIAL SLAVE ACTIVITY; EARLY ACCOUNTS OF SLAVE MUSIC; CHANTS, MOANS, HOLLERS, METERED HYMNS
         
EXAM: also Readings Due -- SOUTHERN: Part 1

M      5/22     A  SONG IN A STRANGE LAND CONTINUED: INFLUENCES OF BLACK FREEDMEN; RELIGIOUS ACTIVITY
         
Readings Due: SOUTHERN: Part 2; BENNETT: Chapters 4,5,6 & 7

T       5/23      LET MY PEOPLE GO (1800-1865):  SLAVERY IN THE ANTEBELLUM YEARS; IMPACT OF EVANGELICAL AND ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENTS ON THE SO-CALLED SPIRITUAL; WORK SONGS AND PLAY SONGS.
         
QUIZ: Conceptual Framework (Synthesis)

W     5/24      LET MY PEOPLE GO CONTINUED: INTENSITY OF SLAVERY SENTIMENTS & SLAVERY-DRIVEN ISSUES TOWARD CIVIL WAR; UNDERGROUND RAILROAD; MEANING IN "SPIRITUALS"; "ART" MUSIC 
          EXAM



UNIT THREE  (5/29 - 6/1) EMANCIPATION, RECONSTRUCTION, JIM CROW, EXODUS AND MIGRATION

R       5/25       FREE AT LAST, FREE AT LAST?!! (1865-1900):  EMANCIPATION, RECONSTRUCTION & THE BIRTH OF "JIM CROW"; LIFE AND MUSIC OF FORMER SLAVES AFTER THE CIVIL WAR; BIRTH OF BLACK FOLK ARTFORM; WORK SONGS, RURAL BLUES, BRASS BANDS, MINSTRELSY, SYNCOPATED BLUES.
         
Readings Due: SOUTHERN: Parts 3&4; BENNETT: Chapters 8,9,10,11 & 12

T         5/30     DON'T GIVE A DAMN ABOUT ALABAM' 
(ca. 1900-1920): BLACKS MOVE FROM THE RURAL SOUTH, SEEKING ESCAPE FROM RACIAL OPPR
ESSION, TENANT FARMS, JIM CROW, AND DENIED OPPORTUNITY; PEOPLE TRANSPORT THEIR MUSIC WHICH IS ALSO TRANSFORMED; RAGTIME, URBAN BLUES, ROOTS OF JAZZ.
          JOURNAL DUE -- 50% COMPLETE

W        5/31     STRANGE FRUIT (ca. 1920-1940):  YEARS BETWEEN THE WARS;
THE GREAT DEPRESSION;
AFRICAN AMERICAN LIFE IN THE 20s & 30s; TRADITIONAL AND SWING JAZZ STYLES; AFRICAN AMERICAN COMPOSERS AND PERFORMERS OF "SERIOUS" MUSIC

R          6/1      I KNOW THE LORD WILL MAKE A WAY (ca.1940- ): THE URBAN EXPERIENCE; EARLY AND TRADITIONAL GOSPEL MUSIC; CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT; SIXTIES SPAWN CONTEMPORARY GOSPEL
          EXAM



UNIT FOUR  (6/5 - 6/8)  MIDDLE TWENTIETH CENTURY TO PRESENT

M          6/5      BIRDLAND  (ca. 1940- ): JAZZ FROM BEBOP ERA TO PRESENT; THE TIMES, TRENDS, STYLES & SCHOOLS
         
JOURNAL DUE -- COMPLETE

T           6/6      POWER TO THE PEOPLE  (ca.1960- ): POPULAR MUSIC: EARLY RHYTHM & BLUES; THE ADVENT OF "SOUL" & SOCIAL MESSAGES; DISCO; R&B MATURES; WORD UP! -- RAP AND A NEW GENERATION OF SOCIAL CONCERN

W         6/7      RECAPITULATION:  CLASS REVIEW AND WRAPUP; VARIOUS OTHER ODDS & ENDS

R           6/8      FINAL MEETING AND EVALUATION
         
EXAM -- SUMMATIVE


Adventures in African American Music Journal...
Adventures in African American Music Journal...
Adventures in African American Music Journal...

This journal project is intended to help make listening experiences in African American music more meaningful and complete.  The African American Music Journal gives structured opportunities to explore and experience more African American music than is possible during our shared "guided listening" sessions in class.  Besides, it will allow the opportunity for more leisurely and reflective listening, and also for repeated hearings, a luxury that may not be possible in class.  

GENERAL GUIDELINES     FORMAT GUIDELINES    REQUIRED LISTENING

GUIDELINES:  
1.   Listen to and document SIX recordings of African American music or equivalent live performances.  A "recording" is usually a single CD, an LP, or cassette tape.
2.   Choose these recordings from the university library collection*, from the collection of another institutional or public library, or from the personal collection of someone else you know.  You may even elect to buy appropriate recordings.  While it is possible to use selections you already own, the use of items already in your personal collection should be limited.  You are encouraged to take this opportunity to hear performances that are new to you!
3.  Substitute live performances of African American music for recorded ones whenever possible.  (Prior approval is needed before attending live performances that may be documented in this journal.)
4.   There are SIX categories of music.  You must listen to one performance in each of the six categories. (See REQUIRED LISTENING below.)
5.   There will be two required turn-in dates.  One for 50% completion, the second for full completion.  The first submission date is May 30.  This first hand-in of the journal will provide feedback, will allow for revisions, and will be graded PASS-FAIL only.  The final turn-in will be on June 5.  This work will be letter-graded for quality.
6.   Listen in a timely manner.  Attempts to complete the journal at the last minute can lead to severe frustration, possible loss of sleep, and acute "aural indigestion!"
7.   Follow these guidelines for writing your journal --
          a.   be neat! attention to grammar, spelling, punctuation, style, and other mechanics will be most appreciated!
          b.   keep journal in a bound notebook, soft binder, spiral back tablet, or something   similar, separate from class notes and other work; avoid loose sheets of paper, sheets clipped or stapled together, hardback binders, and large bulky notebooks.
          c.   type or use computer if you like (computer gives many advantages in editing and revising your work!); handwriting is fine but write or print legibly
          d.   put your name on the cover of your journal

* Some recordings in the UW-Parkside Library will be put on reserve to be checked out on a "two-hour" basis -- effectively, in-library use.  Many other recordings can be found in the open and closed stacks.  

FORMAT:   Please use the following format for giving information about the music that you have listened to.

  • TITLE OF RECORDED OR LIVE PERFORMANCE
  • SOURCE OF RECORDING (name of library & library call number if applicable/otherwise, borrowed? newly purchased? already in your personal collection?
  • DATE OF PERFORMANCE AND/OR RECORDING  (OR COPYRIGHT DATE OF RECORDING) if live, say where performance took place
  • PERFORMER(S)
  • TYPE(S) OF MUSIC (based on categories given below)
  • RECORDING FORMAT, IF RECORDED (e.g., CD, LP, tape, VCR, etc.)
  • WHAT AFRICAN AND/OR WESTERN CHARACTERISTICS, EXPRESSIVE & CULTURAL VALUES ARE PROMINENT IN THIS PERFORMANCE?
  • "HUMAN" PERSPECTIVE
  • SUBJECTIVE REACTIONS

REQUIRED LISTENING:

ONE EACH ---

  • PRE-TWENTIETH CENTURY AFRICAN AMERICAN FOLK MUSIC IN "PRIMITIVE" FORM.* (i.e., as performed by musically untrained African Americans).  May include chants, hollers, work songs, play songs, lined-hymns, or "spirituals" such as jubilees, sorrow songs, and the like. 
  • PRE-TWENTIETH CENTURY AFRICAN AMERICAN FOLK MUSIC IN "ART" FORM. (i.e., performed by trained, African American concert artists). Choral performances by a college choir or a recital of "spirituals" by a singer such as Roland Hayes, Marian Anderson, or Paul Robeson would qualify. 
  • BLUES PERFORMANCE BY AN AFRICAN AMERICAN.  Such a performance might be as early as Leadbelly or as contemporary as B.B. King. 
  • JAZZ PERFORMED BY AFRICAN AMERICAN MUSICIANS.  (maybe the most difficult choice of all to make!)  There are possibilities from the earliest days of New Orleans jazz (or contemporary performances in that style) to bebop to the jazz fusion of the past couple of decades to the music of the neo-classicist, Wynton Marsalis. 
  • BLACK GOSPEL MUSIC BY AFRICAN AMERICANS.  Traditional or contemporary; solo, small group, or choral. 
  • AFRICAN AMERICAN MUSIC IN ONE OF THE "POPULAR" STYLES. This might include "soul", R&B, rap, and the like performed by African American artists.

*Such music would obviously have been recorded in the 20th century; but what is important is that it existed in the period before 1900.

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ARTWORK CREDITS (in order of appearance on this site):